Biometeorology
Meteorology
   Main task of the HMZCG Meteorological Department is meteorological measuring and observation and data transfer and processing. Measuring and observation are performed at 8 main stations, 20 climatological stations and more than 50 precipitation stations in accordance with the criteria set by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Number of automatic weather stations has been increased over the last couple of years, which constantly mesure and record meteorological elements (air temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitation quantity, wind speed and direction, insolation etc.), and automatically transfer them via mobile telephony to the center located in Podgorica. Some of the above data are transferred for international exchange, while most of them are further controlled and processed within the Institute.
   HMZCG keeps and processes meteorological database, while the outcomes are published in the annuals.
   Correct use of meteorological measuring and research activities undertaken in the process of construction of infrastructure and housing facilities contribute to their security and efficient use, including environmental protection as well. If necessary, HMZCG carries out special meteorological measuring at the site of a building as required by a client.
   Operational and research activities related to application of meteorological data, forecasts and knowledge in agriculture have become increasingly important. By enhancing a network of observation stations and establishing an automatic measuring of land temperature at standard depth as well as by undertaking agroclimatic research, agrometeorological service fully contributes to the development of agriculture in Montenegro.
   According to the length of a forecast period, a weather forecast can be divided into: nowcasting (up to 3 hours); very short-range forecast (up to 12 hours); short-range forecast (up to 3 days ahead); medium-range forecast (up to 10 days ahead) and long-range forecast (for more than 10 days ahead; monthly and seasonal forecasts). HMZCG Weather Forecast Unit regularly produces very-short range, short-range and extended short-range forecasts (up to 5 days) for the territory of Montenegro. In addition, the Unit also produces a special forecast twice a day for the Port Authority and other clients, concerning the weather conditions in our part of the Adriatic Sea and coast.
   Numerical modeling or Numerical Weather Prediction holds a view that current weather conditions and their further development may be presented by mathematical formulation of the physical laws. Regularities presented like this (system of nonlinear partial differential equations) have no accurate analytical solutions, but are solved by finite differences method. Starting from current situation, an equation system for each point in certain area and each step in time is resolved. Global models cover entire planet, while regional models cover a limited area. In order to present processes in lower atmosphere, it is necessary to use ultra-fine resolution models i.e. a higher density grid of points where calculation is performed. Given that computer resources and time period are limited, fine resolution numerical models are used for smaller and limited areas, while initial and lateral conditions are provided from low resolution global models. Eta and NMM model are in operational use at the Hydrometeorological Institute of Montenegro. Both models provide very fine horizontal and vertical resolution (nested models), and as a result, a highly accurate and reliable meteorological data are obtained. Data from AVN GFS, Washington, USA and European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecast, ECMWF, Reading, UK, are used as initial and lateral boundary conditions.
   HMZCG keeps and processes meteorological database, while the outcomes are published in the annuals.
   Correct use of meteorological measuring and research activities undertaken in the process of construction of infrastructure and housing facilities contribute to their security and efficient use, including environmental protection as well. If necessary, HMZCG carries out special meteorological measuring at the site of a building as required by a client.
   Operational and research activities related to application of meteorological data, forecasts and knowledge in agriculture have become increasingly important. By enhancing a network of observation stations and establishing an automatic measuring of land temperature at standard depth as well as by undertaking agroclimatic research, agrometeorological service fully contributes to the development of agriculture in Montenegro.
   According to the length of a forecast period, a weather forecast can be divided into: nowcasting (up to 3 hours); very short-range forecast (up to 12 hours); short-range forecast (up to 3 days ahead); medium-range forecast (up to 10 days ahead) and long-range forecast (for more than 10 days ahead; monthly and seasonal forecasts). HMZCG Weather Forecast Unit regularly produces very-short range, short-range and extended short-range forecasts (up to 5 days) for the territory of Montenegro. In addition, the Unit also produces a special forecast twice a day for the Port Authority and other clients, concerning the weather conditions in our part of the Adriatic Sea and coast.
   Numerical modeling or Numerical Weather Prediction holds a view that current weather conditions and their further development may be presented by mathematical formulation of the physical laws. Regularities presented like this (system of nonlinear partial differential equations) have no accurate analytical solutions, but are solved by finite differences method. Starting from current situation, an equation system for each point in certain area and each step in time is resolved. Global models cover entire planet, while regional models cover a limited area. In order to present processes in lower atmosphere, it is necessary to use ultra-fine resolution models i.e. a higher density grid of points where calculation is performed. Given that computer resources and time period are limited, fine resolution numerical models are used for smaller and limited areas, while initial and lateral conditions are provided from low resolution global models. Eta and NMM model are in operational use at the Hydrometeorological Institute of Montenegro. Both models provide very fine horizontal and vertical resolution (nested models), and as a result, a highly accurate and reliable meteorological data are obtained. Data from AVN GFS, Washington, USA and European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecast, ECMWF, Reading, UK, are used as initial and lateral boundary conditions.